This product may contain inactive ingredients (such as peanut/soy), which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Vitamin D deficiency affects more than 1 billion people or 50% of the world population. People who have insufficient Vitamin D are more likely to become overweight and develop obesity-related diseases, according to studies. Amount Per Serving. As you get older your body loses the ability to produce D3 which leads to a weaker immune system and weaker skin. Pregnant and lactating women, as well as people over the age of 70 years, are advised to get more than 600 IU/day because they are at increased risk for vitamin D deficiency. Talk to your healthcare provider about how much vitamin D you should take. Sugar: 1 gram. Experts believe we need it to defend against a number of chronic diseases, includingheart disease,cancer, inflammation andautoimmune diseases. It's also made naturally by the body when sunlight hit the skin and stimulate vitamin D synthesis. Some studies show that vitamin D levels tend to be lower in people with higher amounts of body fat. Where would humans be without fermentation? Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. Other health benefits of Vitamin D 3 & K 2: Immune system function Bone growth and density The health of many tissues in the body, including prostate, colon, and breast Cardiovascular health Blood sugar balance Healthy mood, mental clarity, and productivity Who might benefit from taking Vitamin D3/K2? For this reason, its generally recommended to select a vitamin D3 supplement over one containing vitamin D2. Keep reading for everything you need to know about this important micronutrient and how it can impact your health. When exposed to UVB light, an organic compound in the skin called 7-dehydrocholesterolwill activate and start churning out vitamin D3. Vitamin D receptors may be found in all parts of the brain and spinal cord. Shop for New chapter fermented vitamin d3, Puritan's Pride, Skin, Hair & Nail Conditions, Bones & Joints Vitamins & Nutrition at Shopzilla. Some experts now even recommend that people who are deficient and at risk for certain illnesses take a high dose of vitamin D3 to quickly raise levels, followed by moderate doses (about 10,000 IU/day of vitamin D3 for a few weeks, followed by 5,000 IU/day). If you tend to take supplements on an empty stomach (or would if they didn't cause upset), fermented options may also be a great fit for you. There is some evidence to support this claim. Do not swallow whole wafers. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Here are seven great reasons to "Let the sunshine in" on a regular basis. So if youre deficient, taking D3 supplements could, over time, help you feel more energetic. Vitamin D drops (or other supplements) are given to breast-fed infants because breast milk usually has low levels of vitamin D. Take vitamin D by mouth as directed. Our team includes licensed nutritionists and dietitians, certified health education specialists, as well as certified strength and conditioning specialists, personal trainers and corrective exercise specialists. 2012 Aug;14(4):41424. % Daily Value. Vitamin D3 is generally regarded as safe, but it can on rare occasions cause toxic effects if you take too much. Vitamin D helps you by promoting nerve growth and repair as well as stimulating and inhibiting neurotransmitter synthesis. This ferment media has nutritional benefits of its own from compounds released during fermentationthe flavor, if you will. It also strengthens the immune system and protects against some chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. The IOM set an Upper Limit (UL) of 4000 IU (100 mcg) per day for adults to avoid the potential risk of adverse health effects associated with excessive vitamin D intake. The findings have not gone unnoticed. The most common way is to get your blood tested by a doctor. 8. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor's approval. All rights reserved. Some researchers think that the human brain is hard-wired to love fermented tastes. Vitamin D can help Strengthen Oral Health, Vitamin D helps our bodies absorb calcium, which is essential for dental health. Vitamin D supplements can be a quick and convenient way to meet your needs for this important fat-soluble vitamin, especially if youre at an increased risk of deficiency. Both are also available in supplement form as well. Do not use a household spoon because you may not get the correct dose. Formulating our multivitamins and single nutrients with fermented ingredients is part of our absorption promise. These liquid drops are a convenient way to receive essential vitamin support, especially for those who do not like to swallow pills. Our team aims to be not only thorough with its research, but also objective and unbiased. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3). found that people with vitamin D deficiency were more likely to experience a decline in cognitive function over a six-year period than those who had sufficient levels of the vitamin. Sure, its an extra step, but it is so worth it to be able to get the full value out of your supplement. Vitamin D helps our bodies absorb calcium, which is essential for dental health. Therefore, its best to work with your doctor to determine the right dosage for you to prevent symptoms of deficiency. Some products that may interact with this drug include: burosumab, phosphate binders. Do I need to take a vitamin D supplement? Vitamin D is essential for bone strength and may support the immune system and other functions. Beer, pickles, and preserved meats are among the first fermented foods in the historical record. Strengthens Bones Vitamin D3 aids in the management and absorption of calcium, as well as being essential to your bones (and teeth). 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Servings per Container: 60. To transform key nutrients and herbs through fermentation, we use a proven method of culturing in a nourishing super-broth that is bursting with happy microorganisms and whole foods. Too much or too little vitamin D can be harmful. If your doctor has prescribed this medication, take as directed by your doctor. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D3 doses of 20,000 IUs per day are tolerable in adults with no signs of toxicity. It was previously unknown whether Vitamin D insufficiency causes hypertension, but a large genotypic research with over 150,000 participants has revealed that low levels of Vitamin D can induce high blood pressure. The majority of this element is found in our bones and teeth. All of this means that supporting your gut is key for whole-body health. If you take too much vitamin D, be sure to drink plenty of fluids and get some rest. Lab testing shows our fermented Iron has higher antioxidant activity than non-fermented Iron. Vitamin D is best absorbed when taken after a meal but may be taken with or without food. Summary. Check the labels on all your prescription and nonprescription/herbal products (such as antacids, laxatives, vitamins) because they may contain calcium, magnesium, phosphate, or vitamin D. Ask your pharmacist about using those products safely. It can support a healthy nervous system. It can also be produced in the skin following exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. Cholesterol: 0 milligrams. Vitamin D is available in two forms: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). You may be able to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes by overcoming insulin resistance. Symptoms of overdose may include: seizures, confusion, irregular heartbeat. Vitamin D3 5000 IU helps to prevent falls and fractures by maintaining muscle strength and improving balance. If you are taking the rapidly-dissolving tablets, dry your hands before handling the medication. Vitamin D: fact sheet for health professionals. However, we must not forget that the main metabolic products in a fermentation are lactic acid and acetic acid, which are . Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center. There is no Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin D. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends a daily intake of 600 IU (15 mcg) of vitamin D for most adults between the ages of 19 and 70 years, including pregnant and lactating women. A lack of Vitamin D might lead to the development of rheumatoid arthritis since it is required for the immune system's proper functioning. Both vitamin D2 and D3 can be used to treat this, with vitamin D3 generally being the preferred choice. 15. A type of vitamin D sourced from animal-based foods and sunlight. Store alfacalcidol drops in the refrigerator between 36-46 degrees F (2-8 degrees C). It can combat infectious diseases, reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, reduce the risk of bone fractures, and can help prevent some cancers. From sauerkraut to kimchi, from kefir to kombucha, from miso to injera, from kvass to salami, from cheese to chocolate, fermented foods are part of human life. You may also want to consider taking a supplement, especially if you don't get much sun exposure. The recommended daily amount is between 600 to 800 IU per day for adults, although higher doses may be helpful. Each serving of two gummies provides 5000 IU (125 mcg) of Vitamin D3 to support bone, teeth, muscle and immune health for those with higher Vitamin D needs and/or deficiency as determined by a healthcare professional. Vitamin D deficiency affects almost 50% of the population worldwide. Low Vitamin D levels have been linked to high blood pressure in several long-term studies. 3. Vitamin D benefits Vitamin D plays a huge role in human health, yet research shows that almost the entire populationis not getting enough vitamin D in their diet. So, what does fermentation mean exactly? It can lower the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), one teaspoon of cod liver oil, weighing 4.5 g, contains: Energy: 41 calories. The information in our articles is NOT intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice. Benefits. Too much vitamin D can cause harmful high calcium levels. Once consumed, it is sent to the liver and processed in the same way. 2016;95(52):e5353. Vitamin D3 25 mcg (1,000 unit) chewable tablet, Select a condition to view a list of medication options. It helps the body absorb calcium, which is necessary for healthy hair follicles. Causes for vitamin D deficiency are many, including diseases or conditions that limit fat absorption and the breakdown of vitamin D in the gut. Hypertension, more commonly known as high blood pressure, is cardiovascular disease commonly seen in people with vitamin D deficiency. Some manufacturers of fruit juices, dairy products, margarine, and plant-based milk add vitamin D3 to boost their product's nutritional value. Finally, be sure to consult with a trusted health care professional before starting supplementation if you have any underlying health conditions. Fermentation has remarkable abilities to unlock food and make it easily digestible for the body. Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use (including prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and herbal products). Nature Made Vitamin D3 + K2 Gummies combine two essential vitamins that work together to support strong, healthy bones. It lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes. Without vitamin D3, your bones may not get the essential nutrients needed for optimal density and strength. Vitamin D3 is primarily found in animal foods, such as fish, liver, eggs and cod liver oil. It helps the body absorb calcium, which is necessary for healthy nerves. There are two formsvitamin D2 and vitamin D3each of which has its benefits and drawbacks. What should I know regarding pregnancy, nursing and administering Vitamin D3 to children or the elderly? Vitamin D has been shown to be beneficial for oral health, according to a 2011 analysis published in, The Journal of the Tennessee Dental Association, 17. Find the right products at the right price every time. Fermented supplements can help! Vitamin A: 4,500 international units (IU) Vitamin D . n Plus . Despite claims to the contrary, there is no evidence that vitamin D3 supplements can reduce the risk of cancer, coronary heart disease, or stroke. Vitamin D is essential for strong bones. In particular, older adults, those who get limited sun exposure, and people who are overweight/obese or have darker skin are at an increased risk. Vitamin D deficiencies are relatively common, especially in the winter months when there is less sun exposure. Vitamin D3 is approximately three times more potent than vitamin D2, and it also binds to the protein receptors in your body much more effectively. Vitamin D3, also known as cholecalciferol, is a fat-soluble vitamin that is involved in bone health, immune function, cell growth and more. However, remember that simply taking a pill, eating more Vitamin D-rich foods, and spending more time in the sun isn't enough; you'll also need to eat a balanced diet and exercise regularly. IP - The main benefit of fermenting or acidifying vegetables is the extension of shelf-life. The digestive tract is about 30 feet long and packed with millions of nerve endings and trillions of busy microbes. On the downside, vitamin D3 in supplements has historically been synthesized using lanolin derived from sheep's wool. Fermented Vitamin D3 Soak up the benefits of easily digestible organic Vitamin D3 for bones and teeth, immune function, and heart health. People with hyperparathyroidism, kidney disease, or hypercalcemia (high blood calcium) typically avoid vitamin D3 supplements. Yvelette Stines, MS, MEd, is an author, writer, and communications specialist specializing in health and wellness. Studies stated that Vitamin D couldn't be synthesized in the body. In fact, one study published in the Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism found that vitamin D3 was nearly twice as effective at increasing vitamin D levels in the blood compared to vitamin D2. Elm & Rye usually submit their products to third-party laboratories for testing and evaluation. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding. This copyrighted material has been downloaded from a licensed data provider and is not for distribution, except as may be authorized by the applicable terms of use. - Fermented D3 for Absorption, 2,000 IU - Immune, Heart, Bone & Teeth Support* Supplement Facts MSRP: $19.95 $18.00 Before taking vitamin D, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or to other vitamin D products (such as calcitriol); or if you have any other allergies. Our skin is an important natural reservoir for its production, triggered by UV light into synthesis. From bread to wine, from kimchi to yogurt, fermentation has been humankinds way of transforming and unlocking foods potential since before the written word. Health benefits of vitamin D3: 1. Most are formulated in doses higher than you need per daybetween 2,000 and 10,000 IUsbut this is not a concern as only a portion will be absorbed and the rest will be passed in urine. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Vitamin D3 prevents several diseases: Did you know that vitamin D is actually a hormone? A jar of fruit juice is sealed and placed on a bench top for 8 to 16 hours during this process. Vitamin D3 is essential for people of all ages, but it is especially important for seniors. An article entitled published in the International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition reported that naturally fermenting fenugreek leaves formed Vitamin B12, which was not available prior to fermentation. However, vitamin D is necessary for healthy hair growth. Its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective properties support immune health, muscle function and brain cell activity. According to the National Institute of Health's Office of Dietary Supplements, both types will increase the levels of vitamin D in a person's blood. If you are taking this medication only once a week, remember to take it on the same day each week. A 2017 study published in the journal. It stimulates mineralization and also affects the maturation of collagen. Experts also find that fermentation is used in cultures all around the world. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) It might prevent certain types of cancer. The rate of production can vary by your age and skin tone (with older people and those with darker skin getting the least benefit). This is referred to as hypervitaminosis D. With vitamin D toxicity, the balance of minerals like calcium and potassium will be upset. This is part of the good stuff, and we would never throw it away! A review of over 50 vitamin D studies also shows that vitamin D3 offers a noticeable decrease in overall mortality, significantly surpassing D2 in reducing death rates . Learn more about natto and what makes the Japanese diet so healthy. Vitamin D supplements can be used when a person does not obtain enough vitamin D through food or sun exposure. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to an array of health concerns, including delayed growth and rickets in kids, osteomalacia (loss of bone minerals) in adults and adolescents, and osteoporosis (porous, thinning bones) in adults. Fermentation may supercharge your vitamins and minerals. growth problems (in a child taking cholecalciferol); or. Look for fermented everything including your vitamins! This is the type thats most easily absorbed by your body, more so than vitamin D2, whichis mostly found in mushrooms and fortified foods, such as cereal. Vitamin D can also help reduce the risk of infections by promoting the production of white blood cells and increasing the efficiency of T-cells. However, further research is still needed to determine whether other factors may also be involved besides vitamin D3 levels. It helps maintain strong and healthy bones, aids your immune system and may help protect against many harmful conditions ( 2, 3 ). Vitamin D is used to treat and prevent bone disorders (such as rickets, osteomalacia). There is some evidence that vitamin D may have a number of health benefits, including: Vitamin D3 aids in the management and absorption of calcium, as well as being essential to your bones (and teeth). Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: high calcium/vitamin D levels (hypercalcemia/hypervitaminosis D), difficulty absorbing nutrition from food (malabsorption syndrome), kidney disease, liver disease. Vitamin D3 is known as the "sunshine vitamin" because of the body's natural Vitamin D ( ergocalciferol -D2, cholecalciferol -D3, alfacalcidol) is a fat -soluble vitamin that helps your body absorb calcium and phosphorus. Vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 are chemically similar and are both well-absorbed in the gut. Place each dose on the tongue, allow it to dissolve completely, and then swallow it with saliva or water. Things to remember when you fill your prescription. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Not only can a deficiency in this important micronutrient slow wound healing and increase the risk of infection, but vitamin D3 is also integral to the function of immune cells in the body. A glucose tolerance tests is performed and suggests that Vitamin D in the brain could improve glucose tolerance ( 9 ). You should also take vitamin D with meals, as it requires a good source of fat to be absorbed in the body. Vitamin D is important for bone and muscle strength and immune function. You may improve your mood by taking a Vitamin D3 supplement or increasing your sun exposure. Then they make the data public for full transparency. 2. The word fermentation is rooted in the Latin word fervere, meaning to boil. The ancient Romans noticed bubbles forming as vats of grapes transformed into wine. 2018;9:550. doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00550, Nowak A, Boesch L, Andres E, et al. Can you overdose on vitamin D3? Vitamin D's most important functions include supporting the immune system and improving its function. It is commonly referred to as the "sunshine vitamin" because it can be naturally produced in the body following exposure to the sun. In both respects, vitamin D3 has proven superior to vitamin D2. If you dont get enough sun exposure, supplementing with D3 can help bring your levels up. A 2017 study published in the journal Neurology found that people with vitamin D deficiency were more likely to experience a decline in cognitive function over a six-year period than those who had sufficient levels of the vitamin. By Yvelette Stines You may also want to see your doctor to be sure that you are not experiencing any other health problems. To discover more about Vitamin D advantages, consult with your doctor. are clickable links to medically peer-reviewed studies. When this isnt possible, supplementing with D3 is recommended, as well as increasing yourvitamin D food intake. 17. 2021;325(14):1436-1442.doi:10.1001/jama.2021.3069. And of course, our perennial favorites beer, wine, bread, coffee, and tea are also fermented. Source of beneficial nutrients. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. There are many benefits of vitamin D, and it's often called the "sunshine vitamin" because we can produce it when our skin is exposed to sunlight. CONDITIONS OF USE: The information in this database is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. Thats because its estimated that over 40 percent of the population is deficient in vitamin D, which plays a role in everything from regulating mood to modulating immune cells. With that said, in recent years some manufacturers have been able to synthesize vitamin D3 from algae and lichen. Take the right amount of vitamin D. If you have a deficiency, you should correct it with 5,000 to . This means that taking it with fat helps it absorb better. Many vitamins and prescriptions of vitamin D have vitamin D2which is not biologically active. In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. They boast numerous benefits, including: Reducing inflammation Improving blood pressure Fighting depression Boosting immune system health Improving bone health Reducing the risk of type 1 diabetes in children Reducing the need for NSAIDs in rheumatoid arthritis patients Reducing risk of heart disease Vitamin D is essential for brain development, and a lack of it has been linked to cognitive problems and dementia. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that can be found in only a few foods, added to others, and obtained as a dietary supplement. Studies have consistently shown that, functionally, vitamin D3 is at least 300% more effective than D2. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) In addition, vitamin D3 is available as a dietary supplement where it is used for general health or for the treatment or prevention of vitamin D deficiency. It can encourage healthy hair growth. The biggest difference between vitamin D2 vs. D3 actually lies in the way that they are metabolized in the body. This article contains affiliate links to products. Vitamin D3 works together with vitamin K2 in maintaining calcium balance in the body, affecting the activation of the bone protein (osteocalcin) responsible for the incorporation of calcium in the bones. This makes it unsuitable for strict vegans or vegetarians. Sunscreen, protective clothing, limited exposure to sunlight, dark skin, and age may prevent getting enough vitamin D from the sun.Vitamin D with calcium is used to treat or prevent bone loss (osteoporosis). Older adults should get 800 IU. Foods rich in vitamin D include: fortified dairy products, eggs, sardines, cod liver oil, chicken livers, and fatty fish. Vitamin D supplements are available in both capsule and liquid form. Its the magic of unleashing friendly microbes and adding the most precious ingredient of all: time. Fermentation is when food is transformed through the action of friendly, living microorganisms. A 2013 study from the University of Western Australia found that the use of vitamin D3 in nursing home residents aged 70 and over significantly reduced the incidence of hip fractures. Vitamin D3 helps build a strong body. 10. Vitamin D3 is unique in that (unlike vitamin D2) you can get it from the sun. Vitamin D has been linked to a variety of bodily processes, including the brain's function. A number of factors can affect how much vitamin D you need, including your age, skin color, and level of sun exposure. What you'll love . * You can take them anytime, with or without food, and get the goodness of every vitamin, mineral, and herb, plus the natural fermentate (beneficial compounds from the fermentation). If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist. Vitamin D is essential for proper lung function. Vitamin D, also referred to as calciferol, is a fat-soluble vitamin (meaning one that is broken down by fat and oils in the gut). In this blog post, we will discuss 17 of the best vitamin D3 benefits. Conventional vitamins tend to cause stomach upset. Ask your doctor or pharmacist how long you should wait between doses and for help finding a dosing schedule that will work with all your medications. JAMA. Recent studies suggest that vitamin D3 may help lower blood pressure in people with hypertension and vitamin D deficiency as well as certain groups of people with hypertension only. Top five benefits of Vitamin D3: Sugar Control - Cholecalciferol helps improve blood glucose control and cholesterol profile in Vitamin D3-deficient type 2 diabetic patients ( 8 ). Vitamin D is essential for healthy hair growth. Quantity. Vitamin D fact sheet for consumers. The cells in the pancreas that produce insulin have alpha-hydroxylase enzymes and VDRs, which are important in determining glucose tolerance and resistance to insulin. Vitamin D is essential for a healthy nervous system. While we do love so many of the Elm & Rye supplements, today we're sharing their D3 capsules and D3 gummies so that you can rest easier knowing you're taking a GMO-free, gluten-free, and dairy-free D3 supplement for your vitamin D deficiency. Lets face it, the good stuff in life is fermented! Its everything! Not only can a deficiency in this important micronutrient slow wound healing and increase the risk of infection, but vitamin D3 is also integral to the function of immune cells in the body. Studies have found that vitamin D status could potentially be linked to issues like: Whats more, one study conducted by the Washington University School of Medicine even showed that low levels of vitamin D were tied to low mood and impaired cognitive performance in older adults. Take this medication regularly to get the most benefit from it. Common causes of vitamin D deficiency include: People who are older, are housebound, or have dark skin are also more vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency. Some say that fermentation is the basis of civilization. 9. Screening for vitamin D deficiency in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Calcitriol circulates as a hormone in the blood and regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism for bone formation and other physiological functions. California Gold Nutrition Liposomal Vitamin K2 and D3. Follow all directions on the product package. If you are taking the chewable tablet or wafers, chew the medication thoroughly before swallowing. Since vitamin D has anti-inflammatory properties, it is also beneficial for reducing acne. Tell your doctor right away if any of these signs of high vitamin D/calcium levels occur: nausea/vomiting, constipation, loss of appetite, increased thirst, increased urination, mental/mood changes, unusual tiredness. Supplement Facts. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company for more details about how to safely discard your product. The article explains what vitamin D supplements do as well as the benefits and drawbacks of vitamin D3 specifically. Consult your doctor for more details. Osteoporosis is a frequent consequence of long-term vitamin D deficiency, and common wisdom would suggest that vitamin D supplements may help prevent (or slow the progression of) this common aging-related bone disease. Vitamin D has many functions in the body, chief of which include bone growth, bone remodeling, the regulation of muscle contractions, and the conversion of blood glucose (sugar) into energy. Do not take other supplements/vitamins unless ordered by your doctor. For example, one study demonstrated that supplementing with calcium and vitamin D increased weight loss and fat loss compared to a control group. There is some evidence that vitamin D may have a number of health benefits, including: 1. Where they differ significantly is in their sources: Another way that vitamin D3 differs from vitamin D2 is in its bioavailability (the proportion of a drug that enters the bloodstream) and half-life (a measure of the amount of time a drug stays in circulation). Vitamin D2 vs. Vitamin D3: What to Consider, The 9 Best Vitamins and Supplements for Skin Health. Buy Any Prenatal Multi get a FREE Postnatal Multi 96ct, Subscribe & Save up to 20% | Free Shipping on Orders $50+. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.031070, Nair R, Maseeh A. Vitamin D: the sunshine vitamin. MedlinePlus. Am J Clin Nutr. This research revealed that those with lower Vitamin D levels did worse than those with sufficient amounts, suggesting it improves attention.
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