Your support is crucial: India needs independent media and independent media needs you. Marshall M. Sampling for qualitative research. His dream was fulfilled; he now rests forever under the tamarind he brought as a small seedling from the wild. (Chapter 1). Whatever you do, dont turn around!, Look! If spirits really are around? Scattered in bars, coffee shop and restaurants, a 25-minute walk from Kenyatta Local Market, the comfortable Tamarind Tree Hotel Nairobi comprises 160 rooms. On that day, the nail will fall from the tree, freeing his soul from its ties to the world. Alternatively the concentrate was diluted to make a cool refreshing beverage popular with all age groups. Gill P, Stewart K, Treasure E, Chadwick B. Often there are some fallen beneath the tree. Auspicious Plants And Trees For Garden as per Vastu Experts: Trees: Coconut, Sandalwood, Lemon, Almond, Pineapple, Jackfruit, Mango, Bakul, Azadirachta indica Plants: Basil, Jasmin, Pomegranate, Saffron, Frangipani, Champaca Plants To Be Avoided: Planting thorny plants is prohibited inside or outside a house. But it's a staple ingredient in other Asian . Google Scholar. Insert the root ball in the hole and fill the soil around root ball to maintain the tree trunk above the soil line. Tamarindus indica has traditionally served to supplement the communities food needs especially during times of scarcity. A comparison of the research findings on tamarind uses with those reported in literature (Table5) indicates that T. indica is largely underutilised in the study area. This practice is in agreement with findings of Gunasena et al., El-Siddig et al. Nothing easier, he said. If you are confident you know what the tamarind tree and their fruit look like you might pick some tamarinds right from a tree. Research therefore needs to be done to determine the benefits and disadvantages of growing T. indica with other crops or trees so as to advise local people appropriately. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of IK, attitudes and practices on the use and conservation of T. indica. You can only plant for your children and grandchildren. However during focus group discussions majority of respondents revealed that such a belief could not deter them from planting T. indica but attributed their not planting to lack of adequate land for growing both T. indica and other crops. We lost the bet. Thorny trees including Babul can create disputes at home. Mature fruit look like a beanlike pod; the pod has bulged areas and a slight curve. Forgive me, I beg you! His final scream was lost in the silence of his solitude. Dont turn around!, Its like theyre all coming down with him., It cant be true! Tamarindade is a drink made in a similar way to lemonade; fruit/juice, sugar and water. Some African tribes hold the tamarind tree to be sacred and there is a superstition that it is harmful to sleep or to tie a horse beneath one. A huge one. If he could plant that nail and come back unscathed! MSc Dissertation, Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources; 1998. All his blood froze. For Sale: Single Family home, $5,395,000, 6 Bd, 6 Ba, 6,667 Sqft, $809/Sqft, at 400 Tamarind Dr, Hallandale Beach, FL 33009 Should I start again? Relative frequency of citation of the different uses provides insight into usage levels and IK possessed. Head high, brisk step, anxious heart. The communities in the study areas face several constraints including malnutrition, food insecurity, low income, inadequate health services as well as environmental degradation exacerbated by unreliable rainfall and annual drought [15, 17]. Tamarind fruit was eaten as snack by almost all the respondents (98.33% citation). 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[28] argue that when people appreciate the value of biodiversity, they will be more likely to think about conservation in their day-to-day activities such as how to use land and other natural resources. The wood is sometimes used to make furniture and wood flooring. [31], the leaves are a fair source of vitamin C and -carotene and mineral content is high, particularly P, K, Ca and Mg. The leaves, beans, bark, and wood of the tamarind tree have a wide variety of uses. Whats this piercing heat on my neck? He threw his hammer towards the ground; it bounced off several branches. He was barely able to grab another to carry his weight and his fear. Table3 is a summary of frequency citation of T. indica uses. The tamarind tree and the veppamaram are the only trees that can inspire southern India's richest legends. If Id fallen, theyd just say the ghosts pushed me. In homes, the fruits were dehusked and soaked in water to soften. Lets go!, What? African fruits hold great potential to combat poverty. The tamarind tree is native to Asia and Africa, but it also grows in tropical climates around the world. Sheridan MJ, Nyamweru C, editors. What Bhagwat Gita says? Guidelines and good practices. In the study areas T. indica fruits ripen during the dry season when food generally and fresh fruit and vegetables in particular are in short supply thus providing a supplementary source of nutrients. I suggested they try one. J Ethnopharmacol. A final surge of bravado chased away all caution. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L). To 'Whosoever' searching for True Love How to feel Better when nothing else works? Ethnomedicinal uses for humans and ethnoveterinary uses had the lowest percent citations (13 and 15% respectively) probably because such knowledge is possessed by only a few people mostly elders, herbalists and traditional healers. No! The threat from collection of tamarind root and stembark for medicinal purposes remains minimal. What a stupid idea this bet was. Hammer this damn nail and get back! He picked up his pace. Terms and Conditions, Sci World J. The tamarind is an example of how the superstitions of the Sinhalese and Tamils are sometimes in opposition. And if there were any, theyd have shown up by now. The leaves have also been used in dying processes and fruit mixtures for cleaning silver and cooper. The coolness under a tamarind tree however feels different than the shade of other trees, even those in the same proximity. Even dry flowers are considered bad luck. Efforts aimed at food security need to be aligned with environmental conservation to reinforce each other for effectiveness and maximum benefit to local communities. From a certain angle, you can see it clearly, even from far away. Gombya-Ssembajjwe W. Indigenous technical knowledge and forest management: a case study of sacred groves (Traditional Forest Reserves), Mpigi District, Uganda. Article Antioxidants in some Ugandan fruits. Stop him at any price from carrying out his plan! Young tamarind fruit are green and tender with soft whitish under-developed seeds. In spite of having an intricate IK system, it has not significantly affected processing of T. indica as no value-added products were encountered and T. indica remains underutilized. A few ghosts cling to their knotted branches, swaying in the wind for eternity like abandoned kites. According to De Caluw et al. The pulp inside them tastes like a fusion of apricots, dates, and lemons. A violent emotion gripped him. Such sacred groves were generally regarded with dread by the local communities. Behind you!, The whole trees moving! 1997. Dordrecht: Springer; 2012. p. 136. This is in agreement with Shapi et al. To certain Burmese, the tree represents the dwelling-place . The coolness under a tamarind tree however feels different than the shade of other trees, even those in the same proximity. Quantitative data were processed using MS Excel computer programme. CAS Fed up with the silence of the cemetery and the cold breeze that periodically slapped him, he decided that it didnt matter where he drove the nail, as long as he got back down as fast as possible. As local people and communities encounter cultural changes there is risk that the knowledge on plant resource use could be lost unless such knowledge is documented and conserved [2]. Figure1 shows the location of study sites. Ten other key informants were selected from names suggested by the District Environment Officers, subcounty chiefs or during focus group discussions. The brown, bean-shaped fruits mature from April through July. Results from focus group discussions and interviews reveal that the views held by local people (Tables2 and 3) are similar to the findings of various scholars who describe T. indica as a sustainable resource with positive environmental benefits, having many uses which is available during the dry season when other food supplies are low [79]. Will M. Promoting value chains of neglected and underutilized species for pro-poor growth and biodiversity conservation. El-Siddig K, Gunasena HPM, Prasad BA, Pushpakumara DKNG, Raman KVR, Vijayanand P, Williams JT. Who will go after him? No one had the courage to follow him. doi:10.5455/jice.20130809114525. Hell never agree to turn around. Cite this article. Mal J Nutr. Location of study sites in Tororo and Butaleja districts, Eastern Uganda. When the time came, the group accompanied Manu to the cemeterys edge. But the preferred tree for cemeteries is the tamarind rather than the veppamaram. She is a PhD student at Makerere University. Wait wasn't terrible but could be. Interviews revealed that during funerals, meals were prepared under tamarind trees since they are usually free from parasites. Land and tree tenure arrangements that discourage women from planting T. indica need to be addressed. He had only one thought: Hammer this damn nail and get back! The observation that most of the T. indica on homesteads and abandoned compounds was in the vicinity of graves also points to the close relationship between culture and T. indica in these communities. Family Practice. Restaurants. There was only his nail and his hammer. But he wouldnt admit it. Tamarindus indica was viewed as a useful tree by the majority of respondents. People who are afraidIm not afraid. 2026 Eller Dr Hollywood FL 33316 (877) 932-4259. 2010;365(1554):291326. A few strands of fiber extend from the stalk around the pulp covered seeds. Oral informed consent/assent was obtained before participation. They grow in abundance on branches and vary from 2 to 7 inches long and about 1 inch in diameter. They were sorry they had let him go. and De Caluw et al. We accept it. Be ready for the sour taste! Whats happening? Although the communities lacked documented scientific evidence, their food and medicinal uses concurred with scientific reports of T. indica health promoting attributes. According to popular belief, both are home to spirits and ghosts. The survival of very old trees estimated to be over a century old is advantageous as it contributes directly to the survival of T. indica populations in the area. 2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census Annex 3. Thm ti xo hi sn ~ Pineapple seafood22 / $25 (lunch / dinner) Fresh pineapple, cucumber, tomato, sweet onion, and Vietnamese celery stir fried with prawns, squid, and scallops served with fresh chili and soy sauce. Sixty households in total were selected for semi-structured interviews, a minimum of four and a maximum of nine households per subcounty. What? Population structure and regeneration status of medicinal tree Illicium griffithii in relation to disturbance gradients in temperate broad-leaved forest of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Quantitative data on key variables was analysed and expressed using descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages). His friends admiration was matched only by their terror. The guard had gone.The moment was well chosen. , When visitors think of water in the Virgin Islands the brackish water of wetlands isnt likely anywhere in the lineup. It is used extensively in Indian cooking to enrich the taste of savoury dishes (especially with meat). Tamarindus indica possesses great potential to address various nutritional, health, socioeconomic and environmental constraints [7, 11, 12]. Why didnt I listen to my friends? Having an intricate IK has not translated into high rates of planting T. indica or other conservation practices. Like the night of a full moon. tamarind, ( Tamarindus indica ), evergreen tree of the pea family ( Fabaceae ), native to tropical Africa. Add beef $4. That IK and uses in the study area concurred with scientifically proven nutritional and medicinal attributes of T. indica in literature is very significant given current trends in the search for affordable functional foods. Tamarind tree: It is believed that if a tamarind tree is planted in the house garden, it prevents the growth of the family members and causes illness Date palm tree: These tropical trees, though easy to grow, can cause financial hardships for the family This is in agreement with Bourou et al. Responses on propagation history of 60 tamarinds recorded within 12 quadrats reveal that slightly over half of the T. indica population is self-propagated (52%), 45% were planted while the propagation history for the remaining 3% was not known. Fruits for the Future 1 Revised. Never keep dead or dying plants at home. Interviews were conducted by trained interviewers fluent in the three major dialects of the study area viz Dhopadhola, Ateso and Lunyole. The same is used for the fruit. Some African tribes venerate the tamarind tree as sacred. Its trunk was already enormous. However he ate of its fruit for more than 5 years before his death. Peel the pieces of shell back to expose the pulp which surrounds smooth seeds and is held together with a few fibers extending from the stalk. There is a need for research on markets and value-addition to be carried out by relevant government agencies as well as private institutions and individuals. A cross sectional survey was conducted in two districts purposively selected from the T. indica natural range. Inside is a soft pulp around hard seeds. He whispered a prayer. Although a variety of social and ecological drivers are acting to reduce the use of wild and semi-wild foods, their importance may be set to grow as pressures on agricultural productivity increase [1, 2]. He went completely still. I could hear them talking. Bourou S, Bowe C, Diouf M, Van Damme P. Ecological and human impacts on stand density and distribution of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) in Senegal. Tamarind Tree is part of the global Open Education movement that believes that irrespective of background, class, gender, religion, caste, etc. The National Academies Press (NAP). Rediscovering agriculture for human development. Knowledge, attitudes and practices in tamarind (, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0133-8, www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/publications/PDFS/b09383.pdf, http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Uganda/Uganda_National_Human_Development_Report_2007.pdf, https://learningstore.uwex.edu/Assets/pdfs/G3658-12.pdf, https://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20113396756.html, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/432/files/FJ2010_v43_n2_p134-140.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Why this stupid bet? Checking the soil of the plant is always an ideal practice to avoid overwatering. Google Scholar. Trees were mainly sold to operators of limestone kilns and brick makers. Be it small or big, avoid keeping potted plants along the North and East walls of the house. Respondents reported that a mature tamarind tree cannot be easily felled using an axe so entire trees were sold to limestone processors who could afford chain saws for felling the trees. Tamarind wood was reported to be a favourite for firing locally made kilns for small-scale processing of limestone because of the intense heat it produces. Incidences of damages on the trees were minimal (5.0%). Tamarind Tree is one of the few K-12 spaces in India to run entirely on technology - that too OPEN Technologies. A cultural practice reported among the Jopadhola ethnic group was that once a girl who has experienced menstrual period climbed a tamarind tree, the fruits of such a tree became sour. A shared regret floated over them. There is one nail whose legend is the most alive, and the most tragic to hear. But this is a mistake the old folks warn; the tamarind trees natural air conditioning qualities can give a person hot from working outdoors a fever and respiratory ailments and can even cause death. But they really are good, really! Get down fast! Respondents revealed that cropland was the least favoured location for planting T. indica because it competed for limited space with foodcrops. Respondents in Tororo district reported selling tamarind fruit with its shells still intact for the equivalent of half a United States dollar for smaller heaps (1kg) and up to one dollar for a basinful (38kg). He saw nothing. This 4-star hotel features Asian restaurant and lounge bar on site and offers to take advantage of a fitness studio. He couldnt see them. Hes coming down., That guy really has guts! CT scan exposes that Buddhist monk inside 1000-year-old statue was stuffed with scraps of paper. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine Where are they? Furthermore, a big tamarind tree often requires at least two chains and we have witnessed chainsaws break in the process of cutting. Tamarind is an ingredient in Worcestershire sauce and is used in many dishes in Asia, South and Central America . He brought it close to the trunk. Applying gentle pressure will cause the shell to crack. Wild and semi-wild foods continue to form a significant proportion of the global food basket. Dig a hole twice the size of the root ball of the plant. It took forever to get himself situated and begin. As would be expected it is cooler in the shade. Americas National Research Council. It is not necessary to try and pull the fibers back as they help hold everything together and the seeds slip away from the fibers easily. Sugar or honey was often added to enhance taste. Only one key informant was selected per subcounty. Bolder thinking for conservation. Had he really hammered it in? Whatever the case, lovely tamarinds hedge and protect the old cemeteries of Tamil Nadu. Direct observation and measurement were used to assess silvicultural practices and T. indica/crop combinations. A large tamarind tree provides ample shade beneath its branches. Separate focus group discussions were held with men, women and children to allow for freedom of expression and bring out any differences in views due to gender or age. American Chemical Society; 2009: p. 85110. Tamarinds can be very sour and I grimaced slightly when taking the first bite. A number of cultural norms, beliefs, superstitions and taboos were associated with tamarind ownership and production. On this tree! JDK is a Professor and Principal, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University. Knowledge, attitudes and practices in tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) use and conservation in Eastern Uganda. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. 2007;45:2930. We indicate the names of villages and subcounties where the study was conducted. Traditionally, the local inhabitants bury their dead on the compound or in the homestead. Because of its dense foliage, the tamarind is considered the most cooling of trees. Privacy This might seem inviting to someone working hard outside in the Caribbean sun, for taking a break. He prayed to his god and with a timid, trembling hand, touched the trunk. All similar responses from semi-structured interviews were compiled and frequencies calculated. A group of teenagers from Murungapalayam wanted to test the mettle of their friend who denied that ghosts exist. Manus courage shook his friends, left them motionless. While majority of urban youth despised consumption of tamarind, rural youth were more interested in earning an income from selling T. indica products. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the relationship between T. indica and surrounding plants. The silence worried him. Several beliefs and taboos regarding T. indica persist. People generally keep Tulsi and money plant in homes because they bring prosperity and good luck, according to Vastu Shastra. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/plant/tamarind, National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Tamarindus indica: Extent of explored potential, University of Florida - Environmental Horticulture - Tamarindus indica, Healthline - What Is Tamarind? EEO designed the study, collected data and coordinated the write up. Ghosts only attack people who turn around. Local Superstition & Beliefs A large tamarind tree provides ample shade beneath its branches. And its arms stretched longer as he stared. There are no ghosts. . De Caluw E, Halamov K, Van Damme P. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.): a review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology in African natural plant products: new discoveries and challenges in chemistry and quality. TORORO District State of Environment Report. Tamarindus indica/crop combinations in Eastern Uganda. They went alongside him. Gunasena HPM, Hughes A. Tamarind. Indigenous knowledge and uses concurred with scientifically proven nutritional and medicinal attributes of T. indica in literature which is significant given current trends towards affordable functional foods. Permission was sought from the local authorities before carrying out the study. Tamarind fruit beverage had the highest percent citation (100%) indicating it was consumed by all respondents. Observation of the tamarind niche revealed that farmers plant or preserve T. indica with other tree species. Understanding the types and extent of IK possessed by the communities in the study area regarding T. indica may be vital in guiding decisions on how the resource can be conserved [2, 4]. Accessed 14 Dec 2008. 2010;127:57388. You could hear them breathing. 2023 Times Internet Limited. Google Scholar. A cross-sectional survey was carried out between October 2010 and February 2011 in Tororo and Butaleja districts, purposively selected on the basis of being among Ugandan districts within the T. indica natural range [13] and with a high poverty index [17, 18]. As the temperature cools down, you can slow down your watering process. Oxford: James Currey; Athens: Ohio University Press; 2008. p. 195206. Yummy. Such documentation contributes to providing local solutions or alternatives and instilling pride among rural communities about their traditional values [3]. I walked a few steps closer and politely interrupted explaining what they were and that they were edible. He stopped pounding to wipe his eyes. Ambio. The hammer pounded all by itself. Tamarindus indica L. is one of the indigenous fruit tree species that traditionally contributes to food security and ecosystem stability in sub-Saharan Africa. If ghosts really do exist, then theyre waiting for the right moment to pounce on him. These findings concur with Banana et al. Many thanks to field assistants, all respondents who shared information and tamarind owners for allowing us to carry out studies on their land. Public Health actions [5] and Gombya-Ssembajwe [35] who observe that in Uganda, traditions, customs, beliefs and cultural rights play an important role in ecosystem conservation and biodiversity. Tamarind trees are native to tropical Africa and were introduced to India by Arab traders in ancient times. More. The branch of the departed person is inevitably cut down. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314060. Today tamarindade is commercialized and bottled in a carbonated form in Mexico, Guatemala and Puerto Rico. Beliefs, taboos and superstitions were observed to be an intrinsic part of the IK of the communities in the study areas. The most commonly used tamarind part was the fruit (100%). Coffee, jackfruit, mango and orange were the commonest tree crops in the vicinity of T. indica. 2008. p 158. Or are they waiting for something else?What?Lets hammer that damn nail and get out!. Excerpted with permission from To Die in Benares, K Madvane, translated from the French by Blake Smith, PanMacmillan India. Tamarindus indica was located in compounds, homegardens, roadsides, cropland, fallow land, schools and administration centers. The souls of those who die in Kashi go directly to heaven. PubMed Conserv Biol. J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine 13, 5 (2017). Everything struck him as fragile, treacherous and invisible. He would finally confront the tamarind that had been mocking him. Service was scattered but we were forewarned and didn't mind waiting for the delicious dishes . PubMedGoogle Scholar. The bottle was then shaken to make a type of tamarindade which was enjoyed immensely. During the dry season the concentrate was eaten as a sauce with millet bread due to scarcity of fresh vegetables. If ghosts really did exist! Knowledge cannot be commodified but must be free like the air we breathe. This cold surrounding me! Eighty seven percent of T. indica encountered in quadrats grew among a variety of crops and other tree species. Updates? Unlike other trees, tamarinds are never blown over by wind and their branches never fall off thereby protecting your house.. Cookies policy. Nyadoi P. Tamarindus indica L. Genetic structure and niche ecology PhD Thesis, Makerere University. A few of the largest tamarind trees in the U.S. Virgin Islands are thought to be 300+ years old. Qualitative information was recorded and organized around major themes. Updated information dedicated to Moving and Living in the Virgin Islands. In the U.S. Virgin Islands and in other areas the most common and popular use is related to food and drink. Dont bother them. The bark and leaves were also used to. Uganda Districts Information Handbook. Concerns about limited land could be addressed through identifying potential locations for planting T. indica such as along boundaries, roads, compounds and public land. An immense fear sat down beside him. Whys this cold wind hitting my face? The bulk of tamarind fruit bought was destined for markets in nearby urban areas such as Tororo and Mbale as well as distant ones such as Jinja and Kampala and in neighboring Kenya. The tamarind tree produces 'a natural air conditioning'. Traditional forest-related knowledge: sustaining communities, ecosystems and biocultural diversity. All these superstition have to be left behind because Indian Cooking has tamarind pulp or juice added up in various dishes. Hurry up! As he got closer to the tree, Manus shadow grew smaller and the tree climbed higher into the sky. Chapter We also expected IK to be higher among respondents in rural areas and elders than urban dwellers and youth respectively. But the preferred. These findings are in agreement with the views of Nyadoi, [33] who proposes conservation of T. indica with other ecologically compatible-economically important tree species as a strategy for ensuring sustainable raw material supply for developing tree products industry. Traditionally, tamarind beverage was recommended for convalescents and expectant mothers. Forgive me, he said. 2013;2(3):15564. tamarind, (Tamarindus indica), evergreen tree of the pea family (Fabaceae), native to tropical Africa. Gently remove the plant from the pot and cut dead or damaged roots. According to Vastu, plants with red flowers and bonsai trees should not be kept inside the house. The majority of respondents viewed T. indica as a valuable resource. Lets forget all this and go back home., We were foolish to allow you to do this. In spite of everything, such guts that guy has! Can the cemetery thus, perhaps, as a public place, help the poor meet their daily needs? Manu, look out! Focus group discussions, key informant interviews, semi-structured interviews and observation were used to collect data. Article We adopted Moodle, the worlds's biggest open LMS for our students in 2015 and are today one of the only schools offering an elementary education driven . All authors read and approved the manuscript. Ebifa-Othieno, E., Mugisha, A., Nyeko, P. et al.