Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. Like all research, out study has both strengths and limitations. The narratives of health among Tehuledere communities include three major themes that explained causes of ill-health: (i) supernatural (ii) natural elements or physical causes: (iii) social elements such as mistrust, social support/family dynamics as well as violation of taboos and moral injunctions. The practice of epidemiology. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The child becomes stunted due to his inability to have a linear growth. The number of participants in each focus group ranged from 8 to 12. Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. MHK, TG, and HB all participated in the study design and data analysis. Therefore, the explanatory model of illness causation in this community was very similar to that of the Murdock model with one key difference: social elements need to be added to the model. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). In addition, all participants who participated in the focus groups and interviews gave informed consent either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) after they were provided information about the nature of the study, and assurances that specific comments would not be attributed to specific participants. Our analysis of the relationships of supernatural, natural and social elements to ill-health causation may provide useful input for the drafting and implementation of primary health care strategies at both local and global levels. In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. These conditions were often attributed to a curse and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef (genetically acquired disease). Many become sick from the filth on the sharp equipment [Male, Study Community # 4]. According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. J Hum Lact. Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. . Mesfin H, Teferi G, Heather B. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. What are the cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria Theories of disease causation..ppt 1. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Philosophy. 2023 The Biology Notes. If we see someone leave home at the wrong time, we say he is going to bring affliction [Male, Study Community # 4]. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. government site. A world survey. Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. A belief of disease causation where it is thought illness is caused by misbehavior or intervention of a supernatural being. power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. 2010;20:84558. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. doi:10.1177/1049732310362400. In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. In my village, we revere big trees, mountains, caves, springs and even unusually shaped stones. 2nd ed. The results of this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community. 4. Privacy Nurse Educ Today. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. endstream
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Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. Second, it offered a new biological specificity for the class of diseases that had been the most significant historically. The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. 2005;60:691700. PMC The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. Liu Q, Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK. Positive correlation is when you observe A increasing and B increases as well. Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection. Full Text: PDF. Tap here to review the details. These forces also have the ability to heal one from these spells. Data were analyzed thematically using narrative strategies. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Disease in Africa has been the subject of a large number of rich studies. [Female, Study Community # 3]. 2005;83(1):7. statement and Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. Bryman A. Social change theory was used in this paper. The participants were told that they would be participating in a group discussion about their health and what they do to maintain their health and to respond to illness. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. He would not be able to have enough food, this affects his healthWeve become subject to Ke ijje Wode Afe Nuro (hand-to-mouth livelihood) [Male, Study Community # 3]. Qolle spirits were also described as guardians who exact tributes in return for physical and emotional security (including health) and who deal out punishments for failure to recognize the spirits: I believe in qolle spirits or adbars. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Felipe-Dimog EB, Tumulak MJR, Laurino MY, Daack-Hirsch S, Silao CLT, Conaco MCG, Padilla CD, Estacio LR Jr. J Community Genet. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Nature of qualitative evidence. 1983;17(16):120511. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb) was observed to be common in the study population. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. Ali A. Just health inequality in illness, care and prevention. Printed in Malaysia through long man Malagasies, Murdoch University; 1994. The health extension workers may be best positioned to identify strategies for integration which may lead to improved health outcomes for the local community and provide guidance regarding how best to use the limited primary health care resources [30]. Mystical causes are often attributed to experiences or behaviors such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations. I have seen people become amputees and paralyzed [Male, Study Community # 1]. Or if A decreases, B correspondingly decreases. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . PubMed Central One way to provide a bridge between the indigenous beliefs in supernatural causes of illness causation of the study community and health education based on modern science appears to be the health extension workers who have knowledge of both worlds. Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. This . In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. L. W. Feezer. Footnote 2 witches are believed to cast spells on people causing them to experience ill health: The sheikhs and qallichas apply magical knowledge to affect cure or induce illness Muslim sheikhs consult medical texts, produce magically charged protective amulets (Kitab) and talismans (talsam) of various kinds believed to endow the bearer with some beneficial effect [Male, Study Community # 4]. Due to restrictions set by the Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science Institutional Review Board, data are available upon request by contacting the corresponding author. He is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. Participants in most focus groups maintained that trust in ones married partner determines ones health. Genetic counseling of the deaf. Google Scholar. volume17, Articlenumber:124 (2017) Anthropological approaches to the study of ethnomedicine. Ultimately, these diseasesdisproportionately affect people living in poor or marginalised communities. Murdock G. Theory of illness. A valuable and interesting world survey of aboriginal theories of disease causation has been made by Clements.1 The types and distributions of ithe theories which he pre-sents embrace well the main methods of interpreting disease in simpler societies; yet the basic analysis of disease causation concepts which he employs needs a little further It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. CAS Nigeria is now the second largest HIV disease burden in the world after South Africa which has 7.1 million (19% of global epidemic) burden of the disease, though prevalence is stable at 3.4% [38,39]. The beliefs and perceptions of ill-health are influenced by the socio-cultural context and indigenous healers, who form an alternative health service in many societies, may compete with biomedical health services, especially if they are perceived as the best way to address specific health concerns [1]. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. Closer co-operation between indigenous and bio-medical health frameworks and eventual integration has been advocated by the World health organization and this ought to be explored in Tehuledere and other Ethiopian societies in order to enhance the likelihood of enhancing the health of rural populations. Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. Mishra SI, Hess J, Luce PH. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. Germs cause disease. This paper therefore is aimed at examining the causes and consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values in nigeria. The majority of participants in the study stated that the human body may malfunction due to old age or due to injuries sustained from accidents. 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